Kidner
Derek Kidner
Kidner does not enter into detail concerning the debate over the identity of Melchizedek. He treats Melchizedek as a historical person, king of Jerusalem, and priest of Jehovah.[1] Kidner also notes the meaning of Melchizedek’s name and titles, associating him with righteousness and peace. Psalm 110 and Hebrews 7 note the superiority of the priesthood of Melchizedek to that of the Aaronic line.
Sailhamer
John Sailhamer
Sailhamer’s view is similar to that of Kidner. He speaks of Melchizedek as a historical figure, the king of Salem, who is presented as the foil to the king of Sodom.[2] Melchizedek’s name, titles, actions, and words identify him as a legitimate priest of the true God, and Abraham’s response is validation of his position.
Wenham
Gordon Wenham
Wenham does not share the view of Kidner and Sailhamer. He writes that Melchizedek’s name should likely be interpreted as an acknowledgement of the lordship of a false god (e.g. Zedek).[3] Whereas Kidner identifies Salem with Jerusalem, and Sailhamer does not comment on the matter, Wenham leans away from interpreting Salem as Jerusalem. As for Melchizedek’s priesthood, Wenham asserts that “El-Elyon,” rather than being understood as a reference to Jehovah, should be interpreted as the highest of the Canaanite false gods. This view of Melchizedek, however, does not prevent Wenham from recognizing him as a type of Christ.[4]
McWilliams
In addition to these views of Melchizedek as a godly, human type of Christ and a pagan Canaanite priest (who also served as a type of Christ), Davis notes that others have propagated the theories that Melchizedek was either “a theophany of the preincarnate Christ” or Shem, the son of Noah.[5] Davis, however, opts for the same view held by Kidner and Sailhamer (and Waltke, as well).[6] It is this view, that understands Melchizedek as a true, human, historical figure, king of Jerusalem, priest of Jehovah, and forerunner of the ultimate Priest-King, Jesus Christ, that I believe best fits the immediate biblical (Genesis 14:17-24), theological (Psalm 110:1-4; Hebrews 5, 7), and historical contexts. To interpret Melchizedek as a theophany or to identify him with Shem seems to require an approach to the text that is biased from the start. From a purely linguistic standpoint, Wenham’s view may be possible, but it seems to raise enough theological difficulties as to make the view of Kidner, Sailhamer, Davis, and Waltke much more preferable.
[1] Derek Kidner, Genesis: An Introduction and Commentary, Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries v. 1 (Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2008), 131-132.
[2] John H. Sailhamer, “Genesis,” The Expositor’s Bible Commentary: With the New International Version of the Holy Bible. Vol. 2, ed. Frank E Gaebelein (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Pub. House, 1990), 122-125.
[3] Gordon J Wenham, Word Biblical Commentary. Vol 1 ; Genesis 1-15 (Waco: Word Books, 1987), 139-141.
[4] Ibid., 322.
[5] John J. Davis, Paradise to Prison: Studies in Genesis (Salem: Sheffield Publishing Co., 1998), 181.
[6] Bruce K. Waltke, Genesis: A Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2001), 225-238.
The Sovereign Logos 